<ol> <li> Plant organogenesis - adaptation of plants to life on land, modular structure of plants, plant regeneration, polarity in plants. </li> <li> Plant growth and development - explanation of basic concepts, ontogenesis, cytokinesis, meristem (divided tissue) for cell production, primary and secondary growth. </li> <li> Mechanisms of plant growth and development - control of ontogenetic changes from germination to death and adaptation of plant development to the environment through hormonal regulation, species and function of phytohormones. </li> <li> Plant reproduction - genealogy (alternation of sexual and asexual multicellular generations in the life cycle of spores and seed plants). Flower development, male and female gametogenesis, pollination and fertilization, embryogenesis, fruit and seed development. Vegetative propagation. </li> <li> Transport of substances in plants - types of transport mechanisms in plants, absorption of water and minerals by roots, transport of substances by xylem and phloem, regulation of transpiration. </li> <li> Water regime of plants - water in the plant, its importance, condition and movement. Properties of water, osmotic pressure as a source of turgor, importance of plants for water cycle. </li> <li> Plant nutrition - mineral and organic nutrition, plant requirements for nutrients, content of individual elements in the dry matter of plant bodies (macroelements and microelements) and their functions, soil functions in plant nutrition. </li> <li> Mycorrhiza - symbiosis of fungal fibers with plant roots, functions and types of mycorrhiza (ectotrophic and endotrophic). Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by symbiotic microorganisms - plants cannot absorb atmospheric nitrogen, therefore they use its assimilation by microorganisms. </li> <li> Photosynthesis - chloroplasts, photosynthetic apparatus and its components, Light phase of photosynthesis (photon absorption, electron transfer, water photolysis, NADPH formation, photophosphorylation). </li> <li> Photosynthesis - dark phase (Calvin cycle for C3 plants, Hatch-Slack cycle for C4 plants and CAM cycle for CAM plants), photorespiration. Rate of photosynthesis; internal factors (chlorophyll content, leaf age) and external factors (light, CO2 concentration, temperature, water availability). </li> <li> Cellular energy acquisition - mitochondria, cellular respiration processes (glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transfer in the respiratory chain), heat exchange, water vapor and CO2. </li> <li> Plant responses to internal stimuli - the transmission of information between plant cells and organs using chemical signals of a hormonal nature (phytohormones). Plant responses to external stimuli - biotic stress (plant responses to herbivores and pathogens, interactions with other plants), secondary metabolites. </li> <li> Plant response to external stimuli - abiotic stress (plant response to water and oxygen deficiency, flooding, soil salinity, high or low temperature). </li> <li> The importance of plants for life on Earth, the importance of plants for humans, plant biotechnology. </li> </ol>
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Understanding of the basic principles of the plant organism. Above all, to clarify the laws of the physiology of the plant cell and the plant as a whole. To reinforce and establish the links between metabolism and energy metabolism, between structure and function, between the internal and external environment of the plant. To clarify the biophysical, biochemical, physiological and ecological basis of photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, water regime, substance transport, growth and development processes, passive and active plant movements. Stress physiology in plants.
Theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the field.
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Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B. Biologie. Computer Press, Brno, 2008. ISBN 8025111784.
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Katedra experimentální biologie JČU. Fyziologie Rostlin. Jihočeská univerzita, České Budějovice.
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Pavlová, L. Fyziologie rostlin. Karolinum, Praha, 2006.
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